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# Publications

**Source**: https://cxx.caltech.edu/publications
**Parent**: https://cxx.caltech.edu/

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Publications

# Publications

- J. Bui, E. Lucas, E. Lees, A. Liu, H. Atwater, C. Xiang, A. Bell, A. Weber\*, [Analysis of Bipolar Membranes for Electrochemical CO2 Capture from Air and Oceanwater](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/26754/fa4c1842-350c-4b21-bb26-2d2c68d1ff54.pdf), *Energy & Environmental Science*, (2023)
- B. Bulfin, M. Carmo, R. Krol, J. Mougin, K. Ayers, K. Gross, O. Marina, G. Roberts, E. Stechel, C. Xiang\*, [Advanced Water Splitting Technologies Development: Best Practices and Protocols](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/24243/fenrg-11-1149688.pdf), *Frontiers in Energy Research*, (2023)
- A. Fenwick, A. Welch, X. Li, I. Sullivan, J. DuChene, C. Xiang, H. Atwater\*, [Probing the Catalytically Active Region in a Nanoporous Gold Gas Diffusion Electrode for Highly Selective Carbon Dioxide Reduction](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/26756/acsenergylett.1c02267.pdf), *ACS Energy Lett.,* (2022)
- Y. Liu, E. Lucas, I. Sullivan, X. Li, C. Xiang, [Challenges and Opportunities in Continuous Flow Processes for Electrochemically Mediated Carbon Capture](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/24242/Challenges_and_opportunities_in_continuous_flow_processes_for_electrochemically_mediated_carbon_capture.pdf), *iScience* (2022)
- D. Xu, I. Sullivan, C. Xiang\*, M. Lin\* [Comparative Study on Electrochemical and Thermochemical Pathways for Carbonaceous Fuel Generation Using Sunlight and Air](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/24245/acssuschemeng.2c03230.pdf), *ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.* (2022)
- X. Shen, R. Yanagi, D. Solanki, H. Su, Z. Li, C. Xiang, S. Hu, [Comprehensive Evaluation for Protective Coatings: Optical, Electrical, Photoelectrochemical, and Spectroscopic Characterizations](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/24244/fenrg-09-799776.pdf), *Frontiers in Energy Research* (2022)
- E. Lucas, L. Han, I. Sullivan, H. Atwater, C. Xiang\*, [Measurement of ion transport properties in ion exchange membranes for photoelectrochemical water splitting](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/24246/fenrg-10-1001684.pdf), *Frontiers in Energy Research* (2022)
- Ian Sullivan, Andrey Goryachev , Ibadillah A. Digdaya1 , Xueqian Li , Harry A. Atwater , David A. Vermaas  and Chengxiang Xiang \*, [Coupling Electrochemical CO2 Conversion with CO2 Capture](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/20431/Coupling_electrochemical_CO2_conversion_with_CO2_capture.pdf), *Nature Catalysis* (2021)
- Wen-Hui Cheng, Alberto de la Calle, Harry A. Atwater, Ellen B. Stechel, C. Xiang\*, [Hydrogen from Sunlight and Water: A Sideby-Side Comparison between Photoelectrochemical and Solar Thermochemical Water-Splitting](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/19893/Hydrogen_from_Sunlight_and_Water-_A_Sideby-Side_Comparison_between_Photoelectrochemical_and_Solar_Thermochemical_Water-Splitting.pdf). *ACS Energy Lett*. (2021)
- Alex J. Welch, Aidan Q. Fenwick, Annette Bohme, Hsiang-Yun Chen, Ian Sullivan, Xueqian Li, Joseph S. DuChene, Chengxiang Xiang, Harry A. Atwater\*, [Operando Local pH Measurement within Gas Diffusion Electrodes Performing Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/20313/Operando_Local_pH_Measurement_within_Gas_Diffusion_Electrodes_Performing_Electrochemical_Carbon_Dioxide_Reduction.pdf). *J. Phys. Chem. C.* (2021)
- I. Sullivan, H. Zhang, C. Zhu, M. Wood, A. J. Nelson, S. E. Baker, C. M. Spadaccini, T. Van Buuren, M. Lin, E. B. Duoss, S. Liang, C. Xiang\*, [3D Printed Nickel–Molybdenum-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution at Low Overpotentials in a Flow-Through Configuration.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/19559/3D_Printed_NickelMolybdenum-Based_Electrocatalysts_for_Hydrogen_Evolution_at_Low_Overpotentials_in_a_Flow-Through_Configuration.pdf) *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces.* (2021)
- A. J. Welch, I. A. Digdaya, R. Kent, P. Ghougassian, H. A. Atwater, C. Xiang\*, [Comparative Technoeconomic Analysis of Renewable Generation of Methane Using Sunlight, Water, and Carbon Dioxide.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18655/Comparative_Technoeconomic_Analysis_of_Renewable_Generation_of_Methane_Using_Sunlight_Water_and_Carbon_Dioxide.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett*. (2021)
- R. Sharifian, R. M. Wagterveld, I. A. Digdaya, C. Xiang, D. A. Vermaas, [Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Capture to Close the Carbon Cycle.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18644/Electrochemical_carbon_dioxide_capture_to_close_the_carbon_cycle.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci.,* 14, 78 (2021)
- M. Lin, A. Digdaya, C. Xiang\*, [Modeling the Electrochemical Behavior and Interfacial Junction Profiles of Bipolar Membranes at Solar Flux Relevant Operating Current Densities](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18641/d1se00201eModeling_the_electrochemical_behavior_and_interfacial_junction_profiles_of_bipolar_membranes_at_solar_flux_relevant_operating_current_densities.pdf). *Sustainable Energy&Fuels.* (2021)
- I. A. Digdaya, I. Sullivan, M. Lin, L. Han, W. H. Cheng, H. A. Atwater, C. Xiang\*, [A Direct Coupled Electrochemical System for Capture and Conversion of CO2 from Oceanwater.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18068/A_direct_coupled_electrochemical_system_for_capture_and_conversion_of_CO2_from_oceanwater.pdf) *Nat. Commun*. 11, 1–10 (2020).
- S. H. Lee, I. Sullivan, D. M. Larson, G. Liu, F. M. Toma, C. Xiang\*, W. S. Drisdell\*, [Correlating Oxidation State and Surface Area to Activity from Operando Studies of Copper CO Electroreduction Catalysts in a Gas-Fed Device](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18082/Correlating_Oxidation_State_and_Surface_Area_to_Activity_from_Operando_Studies_of_Copper_CO_Electroreduction_Catalysts_in_a_GasFed_Device.pdf). *ACS Catal.* 10, 8000–8011 (2020).
- J.C. Bui, I. A. Digdaya, C. Xiang, Alexis T. Bell, and Adam Z. Weber\*, [Understanding Multi-Ion Transport Mechanisms in Bipolar Membranes.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18115/Understanding_Multi-Ion_Transport_Mechanisms_in_Bipolar_Membranes.pdf) *ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces*. 12, 52509−52526 (2020)
- Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [Modeling the Performance of A Flow-Through Gas Diffusion Electrode for Electrochemical Reduction of CO or CO2.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18099/Modeling_the_Performance_of_A_Flow-Through_Gas_Diffusion_Electrode_for_Electrochemical_Reduction_of_CO_or_CO2.pdf) *J. Electrochem. Soc.* 167, 114503 (2020).
- W. H. Chen, M. H. Richter, I. Sullivan, D. M. Larson, C. Xiang, B. S. Brunschwig, H. A. Atwater, A. [CO2 Reduction to CO with 19% Efficiency in a Solar-Driven Gas Diffusion Electrode Flow Cell under Outdoor Solar Illumination](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/19560/CO2_Reduction_to_CO_with_19_Efficiency_in_a_Solar-Driven_Gas_Diffusion_Electrode_Flow_Cell_under_Outdoor_Solar_Illumination.pdf). *ACS Energy Lett.* (2020)
- M. T. Spitler, M. A. Modestino, T. G. Deutsch, C. X. Xiang, J. R. Durrant, D. V. Esposito, S. Haussener, S. Maldonado, I. D. Sharp, B. A. Parkinson, D. S. Ginley, F. A. Houle, T. Hannappel, N. R. Neale, D. G. Nocera, P. C. McIntyre, [Practical challenges in the development of photoelectrochemical solar fuels production.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18106/Practical_challenges_in_the_development_of_photoelectrochemical_solar_fuels_production.pdf) *Sustain. Energy Fuels*. 4, 985–995 (2020).
- Sullivan, L. Han, S. H. Lee, M. Lin, D. M. Larson, W. S. Drisdell, C. Xiang\*, [A Hybrid Catalyst-Bonded Membrane Device for Electrochemical Carbon Monoxide Reduction at Different Relative Humidities.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18069/A_Hybrid_Catalyst-Bonded_Membrane_Device_for_Electrochemical_Carbon_Monoxide_Reduction_at_Different_Relative_Humidities.pdf) *ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng*. 7, 16964–16970 (2019).
- M. Lin, L. Han, M. R. Singh, C. Xiang\*, [An Experimental- And Simulation-Based Evaluation of the CO2 Utilization Efficiency of Aqueous-Based Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactors with Ion-Selective Membranes.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18077/An_Experimental-_and_Simulation-Based_Evaluation_of_the_CO2_Utilization_Efficiency_of_Aqueous-Based_Electrochemical_CO2_Reduction_Reactors_with_Ion-Selective_Membranes.pdf) *ACS Appl. Energy Mater*. 2, 5843–5850 (2019).
- Ho, X. Zhou, L. Han, I. Sullivan, C. Karp, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [Decoupling H2 (g) and O2 (g) production in water splitting by a solar-driven V 3+/2+ (aq, H 2SO4 )|KOH(aq) cell.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18084/Decoupling_H2g_and_O2g_Production_in_Water_Splitting_by_a_Solar-Driven_V32aqH2SO4KOHaq_Cell.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett.* 4, 968–976 (2019).
- D. Higgins, C. Hahn, C. Xiang, T. F. Jaramillo, A. Z. Weber, [Gas-Diffusion Electrodes for Carbon Dioxide Reduction: A New Paradigm.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18089/Gas-Diffusion_Electrodes_for_Carbon_Dioxide_Reduction-_A_New_Paradigm.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett*. 4, 317–324 (2019).
- X. Zhou, C. Xiang\*, [Comparative Analysis of Solar-to-Fuel Conversion Efficiency: A Direct, One-Step Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactor versus a Two-Step, Cascade Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reactor.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18081/Comparative_Analysis_of_Solar-to-Fuel_Conversion_Efficiency-_A_Direct_One-Step_Electrochemical_CO2_Reduction_Reactor_versus_a_Two-Step_Cascade_Electrochemical_CO2_Reduction_Reactor.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett*. 3, 1892–1897 (2018).
- H. Hashiba, L. C. Weng, Y. Chen, H. K. Sato, S. Yotsuhashi, C. Xiang\*, A. Z. Weber\*, [Effects of electrolyte buffer capacity on surface reactant species and the reaction rate of CO2 in Electrochemical CO2 reduction.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18086/Effects_of_Electrolyte_Buffer_Capacity_on_Surface_Reactant_Species_and_the_Reaction_Rate_of_CO2_in_Electrochemical_CO2_Reduction.pdf) *J. Phys. Chem. C*. 122, 3719–3726 (2018).
- L. Han, W. Zhou, C. Xiang\*, [High-Rate Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Monoxide to Ethylene Using Cu-Nanoparticle-Based Gas Diffusion Electrodes.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18090/High-Rate_Electrochemical_Reduction_of_Carbon_Monoxide_to_Ethylene_Using_CuNanoparticle-Based_Gas_Diffusion_Electrodes.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett*. 3, 855–860 (2018).
- M. R. Singh, C. Xiang\*, N. S. Lewis\*, [Evaluation of flow schemes for near-neutral pH electrolytes in solar-fuel generators.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18088/Evaluation_of_flow_schemes_for_near-neutral_pH_electrolytes_in_solar-fuel_generators.pdf) *Sustain. Energy Fuels*. 1, 458–466 (2017).
- J. Jiang, Z. Huang, C. Xiang, R. Poddar, H. J. Lewerenz, K. M. Papadantonakis, N. S. Lewis, B. S. Brunschwig\*, [Nanoelectrical and Nanoelectrochemical Imaging of Pt/p-Si and Pt/p+-Si Electrodes.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18104/Nanoelectrical_and_Nanoelectrochemical_Imaging_of_Ptp-Si_and_Ptp_-Si_Electrodes.pdf) *ChemSusChem*. 10, 4657–4663 (2017).
- K. Sun, R. Liu, Y. Chen, E. Verlage, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [A Stabilized, Intrinsically Safe, 10% Efficient, Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Cell Incorporating Earth-Abundant Electrocatalysts with Steady-State pH Gradients and Product Separation Enabled by a Bipolar Membrane.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18073/A_Stabilized_Intrinsically_Safe_10_Efficient_SolarDriven_Water-Splitting_Cell_Incorporating_Earth-Abundant_Electrocatalysts_with_Steady-State_pH_Gradients_and_Product_Separation_Enabled_by_a_Bipolar_Membrane.pdf) *Adv. Energy Mater*. 6, 1–7 (2016).
- Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [Modeling and Simulation of the Spatial and Light-Intensity Dependence of Product Distributions in an Integrated Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction System.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18098/Modeling_and_Simulation_of_the_Spatial_and_Light-Intensity_Dependence_of_Product_Distributions_in_an_Integrated_Photoelectrochemical_CO2_Reduction_System.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett.* 1, 273–280 (2016).
- Xiang\*, A. Z. Weber\*, S. Ardo, A. Berger, Y. K. Chen, R. Coridan, K. T. Fountaine, S. Haussener, S. Hu, R. Liu, N. S. Lewis, M. A. Modestino, M. M. Shaner, M. R. Singh, J. C. Stevens, K. Sun, K. Walczak, [Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18103/Modeling_Simulation_and_Implementation_of_SolarDriven_Water-Splitting_Devices.pdf) *Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed*. 55, 12974–12988 (2016).
- Xiang\*, K. M. Papadantonakis, N. S. Lewis\*, [Principles and implementations of electrolysis systems for water splitting.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18107/Principles_and_implementations_of_electrolysis_systems_for_water_splitting.pdf) *Mater. Horizons*. 3, 169–173 (2016).
- R. Wang, K. Pan, D. Han, J. Jiang, C. Xiang, Z. Huang, L. Zhang, X. Xiang, [Solar-Driven H2O2 Generation From H2O and O2 Using Earth-Abundant Mixed-Metal Oxide@Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18110/Solar-Driven_H2O2Generation_From_H2Oand_O2UsingEarth-Abundant_Mixed-Metal_OxideCarbon_NitridePhotocatalysts.pdf) *ChemSusChem*. 9, 2470–2479 (2016).
- X. Zhou, R. Liu, K. Sun, Y. Chen, E. Verlage, S. A. Francis, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [Solar-Driven Reduction of 1 atm of CO2 to Formate at 10% Energy-Conversion Efficiency by Use of a TiO2-Protected III-V Tandem Photoanode in Conjunction with a Bipolar Membrane and a Pd/C Cathode.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18111/Solar-Driven_Reduction_of_1_atm_of_CO2_to_Formate_at_10_Energy-Conversion_Efficiency_by_Use_of_a_TiO2Protected_IIIV_Tandem_Photoanode_in_Conjunction_with_a_Bipolar_Membrane_and_a_PdC_Cathode.pdf) *ACS Energy Lett.* 1, 764–770 (2016).
- Verlage, S. Hu, R. Liu, R. J. R. Jones, K. Sun, C. Xiang\*, N. S. Lewis\*, H. A. Atwater\*, [A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III-V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO2 films.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18070/A_monolithically_integrated_intrinsically_safe_10_efficient_solar-driven_water-splitting_system_based_on_active_stable_earth-abundant_electrocatalysts_in_conjunction_with_tandem_IIIV_light_absorbers_protected_by_amorphous_TiO2_films.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 8, 3166–3172 (2015).
- Y. Chen, K. Sun, H. Audesirk, C. Xiang\*, N. S. Lewis\*, [A quantitative analysis of the efficiency of solar-driven water-splitting device designs based on tandem photoabsorbers patterned with islands of metallic electrocatalysts.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18071/A_quantitative_analysis_of_the_efficiency_of_solardriven_water-splitting_device_designs_based_on_tandem_photoabsorbers_patterned_with_islands_of_metallic_electrocatalysts.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 8, 1736–1747 (2015).
- Y. Chen, S. Hu, C. Xiang\*, N. S. Lewis\*, [A sensitivity analysis to assess the relative importance of improvements in electrocatalysts, light absorbers, and system geometry on the efficiency of solar-fuels generators.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18072/A_sensitivity_analysis_to_assess_the_relative_importance_of_improvements_in_electrocatalysts_light_absorbers_and_system_geometry_on_the_efficiency_of_solar-fuels_generators.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 8, 876–886 (2015).
- M. R. Singh, K. Papadantonakis, C. Xiang\*, N. S. Lewis\*, [An electrochemical engineering assessment of the operational conditions and constraints for solar-driven water-splitting systems at near-neutral pH.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18075/An_electrochemical_engineering_assessment_of_the_operational_conditions_and_constraints_for_solar-driven_water-splitting_systems_at_near-neutral_pH.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 8, 2760–2767 (2015).
- K. Walczak, Y. Chen, C. Karp, J. W. Beeman, M. Shaner, J. Spurgeon, I. D. Sharp, X. Amashukeli, W. West, J. Jin, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [Modeling, simulation, and fabrication of a fully integrated, acid stable, scalable solar-driven water-splitting system.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18102/Modeling_Simulation_and_Fabrication_of_a_Fully_Integrated_Acid-stable_Scalable_Solar-Driven_WaterSplitting_System.pdf) *ChemSusChem*. 8, 544–551 (2015).
- Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [Operational constraints and strategies for systems to effect the sustainable, solar-driven reduction of atmospheric CO2.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18105/Operational_constraints_and_strategies_for_systems_to_effect_the_sustainable_solar-driven_reduction_of_atmospheric_CO2.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 8, 3663–3674 (2015).
- J. Jin, K. Walczak, M. R. Singh, C. Karp, N. S. Lewis, C. Xiang\*, [An experimental and modeling/simulation-based evaluation of the efficiency and operational performance characteristics of an integrated, membrane-free, neutral pH solar-driven water-splitting system.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18076/An_experimental_and_modelingsimulation-based_evaluation_of_the_efficiency_and_operational_performance_characteristics_of_an_integrated_membrane-free_neutral_pH_solar-driven_water-splitting_system.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 7, 3371–3380 (2014).
- J. A. Haber, Y. Cai, S. Jung, C. Xiang, S. Mitrovic, J. Jin, A. T. Bell, J. M. Gregoire, [Discovering Ce-rich oxygen evolution catalysts, from high throughput screening to water electrolysis.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18085/Discovering_Ce-rich_oxygen_evolution_catalysts_from_high_throughput_screening_to_water_electrolysis.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci.* 7, 682–688 (2014).
- C. Xiang, S. K. Suram, J. A. Haber, D. W. Guevarra, E. Soedarmadji, J. Jin, J. M. Gregoire, [High-throughput bubble screening method for combinatorial discovery of electrocatalysts for water splitting.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18091/High-Throughput_Bubble_Screening_Method_for_Combinatorial_Discovery_of_Electrocatalysts_for_Water_Splitting.pdf) *ACS Comb. Sci*. 16, 47–52 (2014).
- J. A. Haber, C. Xiang, D. Guevarra, S. Jung, J. Jin, J. M. Gregoire, [High-Throughput Mapping of the Electrochemical Properties of (Ni-Fe-Co-Ce)Ox Oxygen-Evolution Catalysts.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18092/High-Throughput_Mapping_of_the_Electrochemical_Properties_of_Ni-Fe-Co-CeOx_Oxygen-Evolution_Catalysts.pdf) *ChemElectroChem*. 1, 524–528 (2014).
- C. Xiang, J. Haber, M. Marcin, S. Mitrovic, J. Jin, J. M. Gregoire, [Mapping quantum yield for (Fe-Zn-Sn-Ti)Ox photoabsorbers using a high throughput photoelectrochemical screening system.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18096/Mapping_Quantum_Yield_for_FeZnSnTiOx_Photoabsorbers_Using_a_High_Throughput_Photoelectrochemical_Screening_System.pdf) *ACS Comb. Sci.* 16, 120–127 (2014).
- Y. Chen, C. Xiang, S. Hu, N. S. Lewis, [Modeling the Performance of an Integrated Photoelectrolysis System with 10 × Solar Concentrators.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18100/Modeling_the_Performance_of_an_Integrated_Photoelectrolysis_System_with_10_Solar_Concentrators.pdf) *J. Electrochem. Soc*. 161, F1101–F1110 (2014).
- S. Hu, C. Xiang, S. Haussener, A. D. Berger, N. S. Lewis, [An analysis of the optimal band gaps of light absorbers in integrated tandem photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18074/An_analysis_of_the_optimal_band_gaps_of_light_absorbers_in_integrated_tandem_photoelectrochemical_water-splitting_systems.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 6, 2984–2993 (2013).
- J. M. Gregoire, C. Xiang, S. Mitrovic, X. Liu, M. Marcin, E. W. Cornell, J. Fan, J. Jin, [Combined Catalysis and Optical Screening for High Throughput Discovery of Solar Fuels Catalysts.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18080/Combined_Catalysis_and_Optical_Screening_for_High_Throughput_Discovery_of_Solar_Fuels_Catalysts.pdf) *J. Electrochem. Soc*. 160, F337–F342 (2013).
- C. Xiang, Y. Chen, N. S. Lewis, [Modeling an integrated photoelectrolysis system sustained by water vapor.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18097/Modeling_an_integrated_photoelectrolysis_system_sustained_by_water_vapor.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 6, 3713–3721 (2013).
- S. Haussener, S. Hu, C. Xiang, A. Z. Weber, N. S. Lewis, [Simulations of the irradiation and temperature dependence of the efficiency of tandem photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18109/Simulations_of_the_irradiation_and_temperature_dependence_of_the_efficiency_of_tandem_photoelectrochemical_water-splitting_systems.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci.* 6, 3605–3618 (2013).
- C. Xiang, A. C. Meng, N. S. Lewis, [Evaluation and optimization of mass transport of redox species in silicon microwire-array photoelectrodes.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18087/Evaluation_and_optimization_of_mass_transport_of_redox_species_in_silicon_microwire-array_photoelectrodes.pdf) *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci*. U. S. A. 109, 15622–15627 (2012).
- S. Haussener, C. Xiang, J. M. Spurgeon, S. Ardo, N. S. Lewis, A. Z. Weber, [Modeling, simulation, and design criteria for photoelectrochemical water-splitting systems.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18101/Modeling_simulation_and_design_criteria_for_photoelectrochemical_water-splitting_systems.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci*. 5, 9922–9935 (2012).
- C. Xiang, G. M. Kimball, R. L. Grimm, B. S. Brunschwig, H. A. Atwater, N. S. Lewis, [820 mV open-circuit voltages from Cu2O/CH3CN junctions.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18067/820_mV_open-circuit_voltages_from_Cu2OCH3CN_junctions.pdf) *Energy Environ. Sci.* 4, 1311–1318 (2011).
- R. Halpern, N. Nishi, J. Wen, F. Yang, C. Xiang, R. M. Penner, R. M. Corn, [Characterization of electrodeposited gold and palladium nanowire gratings with optical diffraction measurements.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18078/Characterization_of_Electrodeposited_Gold_and_Palladium_Nanowire_Gratings_with_Optical_Diffraction_Measurements.pdf) *Anal. Chem*. 81, 5585–5592 (2009).
- Xiang, Y. Yang, R. M. Penner, [Cheating the diffraction limit: Electrodeposited nanowires patterned by photolithography.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18079/Cheating_the_diffraction_limit-_electrodeposited_nanowires_patterned_by_photolithography.pdf) *Chem. Commun*., 859–873 (2009).
- Xiang, J. Y. Kim, R. M. Penner, [Reconnectable sub-5 nm nanogaps in ultralong gold nanowires.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18108/Reconnectable_Sub-5_nm_Nanogaps_in_Ultralong_Gold_Nanowires.pdf) *Nano Lett*. 9, 2133–2138 (2009).
- Y. Yang, D. K. Taggart, M. A. Brown, C. Xiang, S. C. Kung, F. Yang, J. C. Hemminger, R. M. Penner, [Wafer-scale patterning of lead telluride nanowires: Structure, characterization, and electrical properties.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18116/Wafer-Scale_Patterning_of_Lead_Telluride_Nanowires-_Structure_Characterization_and_Electrical_Properties.pdf) *ACS Nano*. 3, 4144–4154 (2009).
- Xiang, A. G. Güell, M. A. Brown, J. Y. Kim, J. C. Hemminger, R. M. Penner, [Coupled electrooxidation and electrical conduction in a single gold nanowire.](https://cxx.caltech.edu/documents/18083/Coupled_Electrooxidation_and_Electrical_Conduction_in_a_Single_Gold_Nanowire.pdf) *Nano Lett*. 8, 3017–3022 (2008).
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