Museums and heritage

Source: https://www.york.ac.uk/students/work-volunteering-careers/options/sectors/museums-heritage/ Parent: https://www.york.ac.uk/students/work-volunteering-careers/options/career-ideas/podcast/

Careers in the museum and heritage sector can be rewarding and challenging.

Many people aspire to be museum curators but the opportunities open to graduates are wide-ranging; for example, conservation, education and outreach, exhibition design, consultancy, archaeology and archives are just a few of the areas you could work in. You will increasingly use digital technology to engage audiences, digitise collections, market venues and analyse audience needs.

There are many more roles, including in general areas like marketing, finance, HR, technology and hospitality. Employers are also varied and include museums, galleries, charities, national bodies, private consultancy firms, arts organisations, conservation organisations and heritage tourism.

In recent years fixed-term contracts have become common, meaning more people are working for multiple organisations and changing jobs frequently, rather than working in a permanent job for a single organisation. \

Despite comparatively lower pay than some sectors, competition for roles is high, so gaining work experience – often through volunteering – to develop your CV should be a priority.

Find out about museums and heritage

Key resources

Careers guide from the Museums Association
Prospects’ overview of museum jobs

Do I need a specific degree?

Generally speaking, no. It’s more important to be able to show your interest in the sector through your work experience and interests.

Some roles – especially curatorial and more academic roles – may require degrees in relevant areas, and possibly further qualifications to demonstrate your academic ability and knowledge. Some careers in archaeology, conservation and archives will usually require specific qualifications.

Some students choose to study a postgraduate qualification in museum studies; this can be a way of developing your career but it’s no guarantee of a job. It can often be better to prioritise work experience.

Some graduates enter the industry by starting in an administrative or entry-level position (eg Front of House or Visitor Guide) and working their way up as they gain experience.

You could also make a career combining arts and law. Find out more about this in Art and Law careers on our Law Careers page.

Impact of AI on the museums and heritage sector

The Heritage Fund published their digital heritage leadership briefing in 2023 outlining the use of AI across the heritage sector.

Technology is developing quickly so it is important to keep up to date with developments, but the main uses mentioned in the report are: heritage and collection management, visitor experience, business operations.
The development of AI presents a good case for funding the digitisation of collections; museums can only take advantage of AI if their collections and records have been digitised.
Possible risks include bias and misinformation, sometimes in relation to colonial collections. Museums need to ensure intellectual property rights are not compromised by using AI, and will want to maintain the general strong public trust in their expertly researched and curated collections.
Some uses of AI can be controversial and open to question, see this article on art authentication (The Art Newspaper, March 2025)

What skills do I need?

As there are so many different roles in the sector, it’s important to think about what skills you have and identify which activities appeal to you most. For example, do you want a job working with the public, involving lots of variety or would you prefer to work mainly with other heritage professionals building up specialist knowledge in one particular field? Do you prefer ‘hands-on’ practical work or theoretical research? Do you like lots of responsibility and advising others or do you prefer to carry out a project working to a set brief?

The skills you’ll be expected to have will depend on your specific role, but you’ll likely need to demonstrate:

enthusiasm for and knowledge of your subject area
good communication
organisational and planning skills
creative thinking and problem solving
political and commercial awareness, in light of current debates around decolonising collections and the ethics of museum sponsorship and funding (The Guardian, 2020)
data skills, including interpreting, analysing and reporting
digital skills, including video editing, web editing, social media and an understanding of the potential of areas like virtual reality, augmented reality, gamification and AI
entrepreneurship and adaptability, to thrive in a sector with a lot of fixed term contracts.

See also the Museum Association: Skills for the future.

For more information about professional skills and how to develop them, see the York Strengths Professional Skills page.

Work experience

Volunteering is the most common way to get work experience in the sector, but there are some formal placements (usually aimed at graduates). You can also get valuable work experience in university by getting involved in societies and, depending on your subject, via your studies.

Volunteering roles in museums and the arts are advertised on Handshake, University of Leicester Museum Studies Jobs Board and through volunteering websites like Do-it.
Many volunteer opportunities are advertised directly with museums and heritage organisations. You may also see trustee positions advertised - do not be put off applying for these because of a lack of experience; many organisations are keen to get new perspectives on their committees.
Use your networking skills to reach out to arts and heritage organisations for job shadowing and unadvertised volunteering opportunities.
Join relevant societies to meet students with similar interests, hear from industry professionals at speaker events, participate in debates and go on arts and heritage related visits. Stand for a committee position to build your soft skills like communication, organisation and problem solving.
Look for paid internships – keep an eye out for internships directly focused on museums and heritage or others which will give you transferable skills (like marketing, research or digital engagement). The Art Loss Register offers paid internships at various times through the year (see jobs and opportunities).
Consider experience in areas other than your ultimate goal, try to gain experience in different aspects of heritage, and customer facing experience in any sector - see the Museum Association Tips for success for more suggestions.

In a sector where volunteering and unpaid work experience is so common, some have raised concerns about the exploitation of workers and the barriers that unpaid work experience puts on entry to the profession. Fair Museums Jobs and Arts Jobs have in the past highlighted the importance of paying the national minimum wage or national living wage for internships.

Find jobs

Jobs are advertised on sector-specific websites like:

Jobs are also advertised directly on museum websites. You will also find relevant vacancies on Handshake, LinkedIn, social media and job vacancy aggregator sites like Indeed.

Find out how to write a great CV and application on the Applying and interviewing pages.

Heritage and culture consultancy

Heritage consultancy concerns the sustainable development of historic buildings and sites, providing impartial advice on planning law and the preservation of archaeology and buildings. It is an area of interest for graduates from the MA Cultural Heritage Management course, a number of whom have gone on to work in consultancy roles.

Go construct: Heritage consultant
Prospects: Heritage manager
Prospects: Historic buildings inspector/conservation officer

Employers:

The following employ graduates in heritage consultancy roles, including on a freelance basis:

Search "heritage and culture consultancy" to find more examples.

What can I do at York?

Apply for relevant internships advertised through York Internships.
Join relevant societies, take part in events and run for committee positions. Try History of Art Society, Archaeology Society, History Society and Art Society.
Get involved with Norman Rea Gallery (above The Courtyard), a university art space run by students, hosting exhibitions and promoting the work of both students and professional artists throughout term-time all year round. Members of the group act as director, vice director and curators, running everything from publicity to painting. The group welcomes new students from any department each academic year and is a great opportunity to gain valuable experience while studying.
Visit the Creativity Lab in the library building to discover how technology might be used in your area of interest - beginners are welcome and training is available. Use the digital creativity skills guides and then explore how these technologies are being used in the museums and heritage sector.
Start volunteering if you can. Volunteering projects, including some related to the museums and heritage sector, are advertised on Handshake, and via your college and York SU. You can also apply to museums and heritage organisations directly. You’ll find a list of some local and national organisations further down this page.

More resources: people to follow, podcasts, blogs

Join York for Life to connect with our global network of alumni. Start building your own network - find people from your course, look at different careers, ask questions and request a mentor.

Use LinkedIn to make connections, follow organisations of interest, and find out what York graduates are doing. Find out more about using LinkedIn and networking.

Learn about digital skills in the sector

Find out more about the increased use of digital skills in the sector:

Museum Development Youtube channel: videos on how to use digital skills in museums
Article: How Museums Are Using Minecraft to Gamify Learning Experiences: one of many examples of developments in educational outreach

Peer support networks / diversity

Art Fund has commissioned a report on ethnic diversity in curatorial roles (2022)
The Museums Association has published their research and recommendations on pay in museums (updated 2024)
Fair Museums Jobs highlights good and bad practice in museum jobs and recruitment

Organisations to follow

York Museums Trust: York St Mary’s, York Castle Museum, York Art Gallery, Yorkshire Museum, York Museum Gardens: offer a variety of ongoing volunteering projects during semesters and vacations (click Support the Trust – Volunteering).
Museum Development North aims to build capacity and encourage best practice in museums for the 21st century across the North West, North East and Yorkshire. They are part of a wider organisation, Museum Development UK.
York Archaeology: runs visitor attractions in York, and fieldwork and heritage consultancy services. They offer voluntary work experience in: collection care; finds, curation, documentation.
Fairfax House is a Georgian town house in York displaying an extensive collection of English eighteenth-century furniture. It is a perfect time capsule of life in a Georgian town house. Volunteering opportunities at Fairfax House may include: room host; administration; conservation; tour guide; events; marketing; costumed work (click Support Us - Volunteer).
Yorkshire Sculpture Park seeks to provide a centre of international, national and regional importance for the production, exhibition and appreciation of modern and contemporary sculpture. To volunteer, contact volunteers@ysp.org.uk.
Portable Antiquities Scheme is run by the British Museum and National Museum Wales to encourage the recording of archaeological objects found by members of the public in England and Wales. They may have regional volunteering opportunities, and you can make a speculative application for work experience with the regional Finds Liaison Officer, Rebecca Griffiths, based at York Museum Gardens Rebecca.Griffiths@ymt.org.uk.
National Trust is a conservation charity which works to preserve and protect historic places and spaces. They offer volunteering work experience and internships, as well as a three year graduate scheme (an interest in environment as well as heritage is useful for this). See National Trust volunteers and National Trust Where you could work.
Association for Art History: Consider joining to get access to fellowship and grant opportunities, training and other resources and read their insights including ‘Art History and Me’ feature to gain a deeper insight into different career roles within this sector (use their search box to find these articles).
Engage is a charity promoting engagement in the visual arts; student membership available
V&A Museum: offers work experience, volunteering and internships in different departments. See their placements information.
British Archaeological Jobs and Resources (BAJR): search for jobs and volunteering opportunities in the UK and abroad.
Council for British Archaeology, including The Archaeology Forum, and their booklet: Archaeology enriches us all
Royal Collection Trust (including all palaces, residences, art collections) offer volunteering roles, summer jobs, student placements and paid internships to graduates, including roles in art collection, library, marketing and HR.
English Heritage is an independent charity responsible for the national heritage collection. Volunteering opportunities with English Heritage.
Historic England champions the nation's wider heritage, running the listing system, dealing with planning matters and giving grants. They offer volunteering within their own organisation and also advertise opportunities with other heritage organisations. Volunteer with Historic England.
ICON (Institute of Conservation) ICON internships help to bridge the gap between training and first job for new conservation graduates.
ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property) is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the conservation of cultural heritage. ICCROM internships in Rome or UAE are offered to those interested in increasing their experience of current issues of heritage preservation at the international level.
Heritage Futures has a Heritage Careers Guide listing places to check for vacancies in the heritage sector.
Heritage Lottery Fund: useful for background research on projects in your area, to help identify possible work/volunteering opportunities.
Chartered Institute for Archaeologists is the professional association for all archaeologists, useful for careers information, job search and other member benefits.
Museums Association is the professional organisation for heritage workers. Offers training and conferences, good job search facility and careers information.
Association of Independent Museums - information to support the independent museum sector, and job vacancies
The British Museum was the first national public museum in the world and offers volunteering opportunities as well as a number of fellowships.
The National Archives collect and secure the future of the government record, from Shakespeare’s will to tweets from Downing Street, to preserve it for generations to come, making it as accessible and available as possible. They offer a student placement scheme.

Podcasts

Keep up to date with the sector and learn about the types of jobs available with these podcasts.

Relevant episodes of our What do you actually do? podcast:
Digital archaeologist and entrepreneur
Marketing in the museum, with Tasha McNaught
Senior Estate Manager - English Heritage
Talking census: a career in genealogy, with Christina Copland
Working in heritage: In the archive in lockdown
Human-centred design in the cultural sector with Alyson Webb
Facilitating the recovery of lost and stolen art with The Art Loss Register
Working in Heritage Education at The Rowntree Society
Unearthing Careers in Heritage with Isabelle Diggle
Cultural Peeps: a podcast about career pathways in museums, galleries, heritage and the wider cultural sector.
Museums n’That: insights into life behind the scenes at Leeds Museums & Galleries.
Cultural Enterprises Podcast: a podcast from the Cultural Enterprises Academy about the commercial side of running a museum or heritage organisation.