# APA 7th

**Source**: https://www.library.sydney.edu.au/support/referencing/apa
**Parent**: https://www.library.sydney.edu.au/support

## About APA 7th referencing

The **American Psychological Association (APA) Style** covers several aspects of scholarly writing, including referencing. The 7th edition is the most up-to-date version and covers of a wide range of referencing examples.

APA Style uses:

- author-date **in-text citations**, and
- a **reference list** to acknowledge sources.

## Manuals and resources

- Access the official published manual for APA 7th:
  - Online: [APA Style Manual](https://go.openathens.net/redirector/sydney.edu.au?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstylemanual.apa.org%2F)
  - In print: [Publication manual of the American Psychological Association](https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/61USYD_INST/1c0ug48/alma991031893391405106)
  - In print (student version): [Concise guide to APA style](https://sydney.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/61USYD_INST/1c0ug48/alma991031814399005106)
- You may find it easier to use the APA Style website sections on [In-Text Citations](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations) and [References](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references)
- APA Style’s [Common Reference Examples Guide](https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/reference-examples.pdf)
- The University of Sydney Library's legacy [Guide to APA 7th Referencing Style](/content/dam/library/documents/support/apa_7th_guide.pdf)

## How to use APA Style

APA Style provides tutorials to help you get started using APA 7th.\
To access these tutorials off campus, you may need to ‘login via your institution’.

Learn:

- Why we reference and [how to avoid plagiarism](https://academicwriter-apa-org.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au/learndisplay/TUT-14)
- [The four elements of an APA Style reference](https://stylemanual.apa.org/lessons/QG-13)
- [How to make APA 7th in-text citations](https://stylemanual.apa.org/lessons/QG-29)
- [How to make an APA 7th reference list](https://stylemanual.apa.org/lessons/QG-57)

## Quick links for common questions

Pages on the APA Style website that explain:

- In-text citations for [paraphrases](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/paraphrasing) and [quotations](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/quotations)
- [How to cite a specific part of a source](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parts-source) (e.g. page, chapter, table, figure)
- How to format each [element of a reference](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry) (author, date, title, source)
- [What to do when information you need for a reference is missing](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-information)

## Further APA 7th reference examples

- [AI tools like ChatGPT](https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt)
- [Clinical practice references](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/clinical-practice-references) (including UpToDate articles, Cochrane reviews and drug information)
- Reports (including annual reports)
  - [learn how to reference reports](https://stylemanual.apa.org/lessons/QG-6)
  - [example report references](https://academicwriter-apa-org.ezproxy.library.sydney.edu.au/learn/browse?group=SR&view=list&topic=Report&sort=asc)
  - [how to reference reports created by a database (e.g. IBISWorld)](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/database-information)
- [Personal communications](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-communications) including;
  - interviews, live speeches, and letters
  - traditional knowledge or oral traditions of Indigenous Peoples – we recommend reviewing the guidance produced by CAVAL, an organisation representing Australian Libraries: ‘[Indigenous Referencing Guidance for Indigenous Knowledges](https://members.caval.edu.au/indigenous-referencing-guidance)’
- Case studies
  - When a case study is its own independent document, APA advise using the grey literature format (Section 10.4 in the Style Manual), with the case study number (if available) in brackets after the title.

For example: Joseph, D., Lim, W.-K., & Chun, C. T. (2018). *Evie.ai: The rise of artificial intelligence, and the future of work* (Case Study NTU226). Harvard Business Review. <https://store.hbr.org/product/evie-ai-the-rise-of-artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-work/NTU226>

- Legal material
  - While the APA provides some legal reference examples, these focus on the United States of America. We suggest using [AGLC4](https://library.sydney.edu.au/support/referencing/aglc4.html) referencing for Australian legal sources.
- University study materials
  - If you are referencing these for an assessment, make sure you are allowed to use class materials as information sources for that unit’s assessments.
  - If the materials are openly accessible (e.g. on YouTube), simply follow the APA guidance and examples for that type of work.
  - If the materials are on Canvas or a company’s intranet, but your intended audience can still access them, see this [PowerPoint slides example](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/powerpoint-references#2) on how to use a source like Canvas in your reference entry.
  - If your intended audience can’t access the materials, cite them as [personal communication](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/personal-communications) and do not include a reference list entry.
- Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) standards
  - APA guidance on [referencing ISO standards](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/iso-standard-references) can be adapted for accounting standards.
  - For the publication date the issue date will be the most relevant and this can be found on the [AASB Standards website](https://aasb.gov.au/pronouncements/accounting-standards/).
  - Use APA guidance on [Group Author Abbreviations](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/abbreviations/group-authors).
  - For example, in the reference list: Australian Accounting Standards Board. (2021). *Consolidated financial statements* (AASB Standard No.10). <https://aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB10_07-15_ACOMPdec21_01-22.pdf>.
  - For example, in-text: (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2021).

## What to do if something is not covered in the manual

While APA 7th is [used across many disciplines](https://apastyle.apa.org/about-apa-style), there aren’t specific referencing rules for every type of information source. When this happens, you can use the [basic principles](https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/elements-list-entry) outlined in the manual outlined in the manual and/or adapt a reference for a similar source to create a reference entry for any type of work.

## Additional faculty support

### Architecture, Design and Planning (ADP) students

Learn how to properly acknowledge visual materials, code, and 3D models by watching ADP-specific videos in your [Academic Skills Portal](https://canvas.sydney.edu.au/courses/19809).

- ## Related information

  [Referencing](https://library.sydney.edu.au/support/referencing.html)
  [EndNote](https://library.sydney.edu.au/support/referencing/endnote.html)
  [Academic Integrity](https://www.sydney.edu.au/students/academic-integrity.html)
  [Acknowledging & referencing the use of AI](https://canvas.sydney.edu.au/courses/51655/pages/acknowledging-and-referencing-the-use-of-ai?wrap=1)

- ## Contact

  We're here to help, online or in person.

  [Contact us](https://library.sydney.edu.au/about/contact.html)