# Vascular plants

**Source**: https://eflora.sydney.edu.au/taxon/vascular-plants
**Parent**: https://eflora.sydney.edu.au/browse/vascular-plants/

Sporophytes dominant, physiologically independent, ± large and branched with lignified secondary walls in specialised cells, ± [pitted](https://eflora.sydney.edu.au/glossary/pitted "having numerous small depressions on the surface."). Vascular tissue comprising tracheary elements (xylem) and sieve elements (phloem) ± well developed. Endodermis present. Vascular plants (Tracheophyta) comprise two lineages: club mosses (Lycopodiophyta) and Euphyllophyta. Euphyllophyta further divided into: Monilophyta (ferns, horse-tails and whisk-ferns) and [seed](https://eflora.sydney.edu.au/glossary/seed "the fertilized ovule of a plant, containing an embryo, and sometimes endosperm, which are covered by the seed coat.") plants (Spermatophyta).