# Increasing productivity, Incomes, & markets (IPIM) for sorghum & millet producers in the sahel
**Source**: https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/international-programs/ipim-sahel.html
**Parent**: https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/undergraduate-program/scholarships.html
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Funded by the [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](http://www.gatesfoundation.org/), IPIM is a program directed by Dr. John Sanders of Purdue University's Department of Agricultural Economics and Co-Director Botorou Ouendeba to ease the strain of hunger in the Sahel. Africa's Sahel Region faces many challenges, the first of which is an ongoing food crisis with risk of hunger a real concern. Learn more about how IPIM is working to improve agricultural technology and marketing practices of small farms. The objectives are to increase sorghum/millet crop yields, stabilize and increase prices with resulting higher incomes.
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**\*Map & Population Estimates**\
- Mali - 16.2 million
- Burkina Faso - 18.2 million
- The Sahel - 135 million
10 countries make up the Sahelian climatic zone region: Burkina Faso, Chad, Eritrea, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Sudan
6 countries make up the Sahel Region of West Africa: Mauritania, Mali, Senegal, Niger, Burkina Faso and Chad.
\*Map and Population estimates from: [Population Reference Bureau](https://www.prb.org/).
## Research Topics
###### Student Reflections:
*"The sights, sounds, and tastes of Colombia were unforgettable, but collaborating and building relationships with others coming from completely different angles than me was what I am most thankful for."**-Daron Wilson, Agricultural Economics*
*"This experience definitely contributed to my Purdue education. It made me realize how small the world really is, and that it is possible to work and get along with people of different cultures to produce fantastic results. I think if international education is promoted more, one day international relations between the countries of the world will be strengthened immensely.”**-Jac**ki K. Howard, Agricultural & Biological Engineering\
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"The interactive experience of visiting farms complemented the class well and is where I took away the most knowledge. I feel from this experience my Purdue education has taken a new turn and I can easily see myself becoming involved in more international programs and always trying to see things from an alternative perspective. I came away with a better understanding of food security and itnernational practices along with great memories and new friends!"\
\**"The things I learned can't be taught in Class of 50 or Armstrong or Beering. I learned about different cultures and I experienced that you cannot judge a book by its cover."*
Increasing Incomes of Sorghum and Millet Producers in Mali & Burkina Faso
[Development of Sorghum and Millet Production Systems in Mali and Burkina Faso\](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/gatesopenres-182945.pdf)By John Sanders, Botorou Ouendeba, Ababacar Ndoye, Soungalo Traore and Biaba Tem
[New markets and technological change for the traditional cereals in semiarid sub-Saharan Africa: the Malian case\](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_sanders_new-markets-paper.pdf)By Jeffrey D. Vitale and John H. **Sanders\
*Annual reports were undertaken for most years of our pilot project introducing new sorghum and millet technologies, improved marketing practices and the evolution of the farmers’ associations orienting participating farmers.*
[BULLETIN No. 8 - Evaluation of Sorghum and Millet Technology and Marketing Strategy Introduction, 2006-07 Crop Year](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/imip_bulletin_8.pdf)
[BULLETIN No. 9 - Economic Analysis of the 2007 Crop Year](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_bulletin_9.pdf)
[BULLETIN No. 10 - Evaluation des Technologies de Production et de Commercialisation de Sorgho et du Mil Dans le Cadre de Projet IER-INTSORMIL/MALI](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_bulletin_10.pdf)
[BULLETIN No. 11 - Economic Impact of Sorghum and Millet Technologies in Mali, Agricultural Campaign 2010-11](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_bulletin_11.pdf)
[BULLETIN No. 12 - The Economic Impact of New Sorghum and Millet Technology Adoption in Niger: Performance and Challenges, 2010-11 Crop Year](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_bulletin_12.pdf)
Diversification in the Cotton Zones of the Sahel
In Mali, cotton was the successful driver of agricultural development in the 20 years after independence in 1960. In the 21st century, farmers' incomes have declined as cotton yield stagnated. Learn more about this matter by perusing the papers below.
[Will cotton make a comeback in Mali?](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_will-cotton-make-a-comeback-in-mali.pdf)
By Jeanne Y. Coulibaly, John H. Sanders, Paul V. Preckel, Timothy G. Baker
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[The Economic Impacts of Introducing Bt Technology in Smallholder Cotton Production Systems of West Africa: A Case Study from Mali](https://ag.purdue.edu/department/agecon/_docs/international-programs/ipim-sahel/ipim_the-economic-impacts-of-introducing-bt-technology-in-smallholder-cotton-production-systems-of-west-africa-a-case-study-from-mali.pdf)
By Jeffrey Vitale, Tracey Boyer, Rafael Uaiene, John H. Sanders
[Increasing incomes of Malian cotton farmers: Is elimination of US subsidies the only solution?](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308521X10000430)\
By Felix G. Baquedano, John H. Sanders, Jeffrey Vitale
John Sanders
Agricultural Economics
Professor, Retired, Primary research contact
[jsander1@purdue.edu](mailto:jsander1@purdue.edu)